Secondly, their common ground is that they question state-centric concepts and formulate new ways to understand IR, such as discourse analysis. In this book, you will make an introduction to Poststructuralism, Constructivism, Critical Security Studies, namely the Copenhagen School and the Aberystwyth School, Post-colonialism, Critical Theory and the Frankfurt School, as well as Feminism and Green Theory in IR. First of all, they are interdisciplinary and pose a challenge towards traditional theories in IR, mainly neorealism and neoliberalism, with respect to ontological and epistemological issues. Though they may be classified under different names, critical theories are in a quest to bring alternative perspectives. The third debate between positivism and postpositivism has questioned the validity and efficacy of the traditional approaches and their methods. The realist-idealist debate of the 1950s and the methodological debate of the 1960s between traditionalism and behaviorism have been the driving forces for change in the discipline. IR was recognized as a separate discipline after the World Wars and debates have continued since then, on “what to study” and “how to study.” These questions paved the way to many ontological and epistemological discussions. Studying IR requires an interdisciplinary and multilevel analyses to explain international phenomena, which may embody conflict, cooperation or both. In the same vein, it is a challenge to understand and explain international relations, owing to different world views and approaches used. The objectivity of studying social sciences has always been questioned on the ground that personal values may interfere.
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